Postoperative pericardial effusion on routine echocardiography: A review of incidence, progression, and management

Figures

• 

  Fig. 1. Infographic of the systematic review of incidence, progression and interventions of postoperative pericardial effusion on routine echocardiography

• 

  Fig. 2. Pooled incidence of PPE and PPE-related reinterventions per effusion size. Bar charts indicating the distribution between uncomplicated PPE and PPE-related reinterventions in patients with data available on the size specification of PPE, along with the pooled incidence per size. The green bars depict the proportion of the population without PPE, blue bars with PPE without the necessity of intervention and red PPE-related reinterventions. Circ circular, Loc loculated, L large, M moderate, PPE postoperative pericardial effusion, S small

• 

  Fig. 3. Studies describing the evolution of PPE at different time intervals. Figure showing the incidence and evolution of PPE, measured on various postoperative moments (day 3–9, 10–24, and ≥ 25). The presented studies had both time and size specified for PPE and PPE-related reintervention incidence, at least two or more TTE examinations, and no specific perioperative interventions influencing the natural course of PPE. One study (Ikaheimo et al.) combined moderate and large PPE. The blue bars display the incidence of uncomplicated PPE, red bars show the PPE-related reinterventions relative to total PPE incidence, per effusion size, and in total. L large, M moderate, PPE postoperative pericardial effusion, S small, TTE transthoracic echocardiogram

• 

  Fig. 4. Forest plots with perioperative interventions affecting the incidence of PPE and PPE-related reinterventions. Figure showing meta-analyses with the Cochrane-Mantel-Haenszel method with corresponding forest plots of the effect of perioperative interventions on the incidence of PPE (a) and PPE-related reinterventions (b). Meta-analyses were only performed if a perioperative intervention or factor was described by multiple studies (other interventions that were described once can be found in ESM Table S5). NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, PPE postoperative pericardial effusion, Reint reintervention