Enhancing STEM Learning with Adaptable Virtual XRD Laboratories

Cloud-based virtual laboratories and digital twins of physical equipment have gained significant popularity, particularly in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper explores the implementation of virtual X-ray powder diffraction laboratories (v-XRDLabs) and a synchronized collaborative online platform (SCOP) combined with traditional X-ray diffraction (XRD) laboratory at the National University of Singapore (NUS) and other institutions for various educational applications. The online laboratories are comprised of a digital diffractometer, auxiliary simulations, associated software for processing and interpreting powder XRD patterns, open repositories of samples and student assignments, as well as just-in-time learning resources and performance-based assessment tool. The v-XRDLabs are used for (a) authentic online experimentation, (b) homework and controlled assessments in traditional and blended learning environments, (c) preparation for hands-on laboratory work, (d) lecture demonstrations, and (e) performance-based assessment of students’ ability to apply theoretical knowledge to real-world equipment and problem-solving. SCOP enables remote students to perform tasks individually or in groups, with or without instructor supervision. The virtual XRD laboratories have been successfully integrated into the materials science and chemistry curricula at NUS, enhancing both accessibility and experiential learning.