Evaluaton of the in vitro antioxidants, antidiabetic and antiinflammatory properties of Nigerian Matteucia struthiopteris (edible fern)

Matteuccia struthiopteris is an edible wild plant traditionally used for nutritional and medicinal purposes across several continents; however, this study represents the first report on the bioactivity of Nigerian specimens of M. struthiopteris . The present study investigated the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties of the ethanol extract of M. struthiopteris collected from Ugep, Cross River State, Nigeria. The plant was identified, air-dried, and extracted using ethanol. Phytochemical screening, proximate, and mineral composition analyses were conducted. In vitro assays, including DPPH, FRAP, and lipid peroxidation, were used to assess antioxidant potential. Antidiabetic activity was evaluated using α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition and glucose uptake by yeast cells, while anti-inflammatory potential was determined using protein denaturation, proteinase inhibition, and membrane stabilization assays. The extract exhibited a rich phytochemical profile, with notable levels of saponins (4.25 mg/100 g), flavonoids (2.73 mg/100 g), and terpenoids (2.23 mg/100 g). Proximate analysis revealed high moisture content (66.87%) with moderate carbohydrate, protein, and fiber levels. The extract demonstrated concentration-dependent antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities, with IC 50 values of 158.97–303.60 µg/mL (antioxidant assays), 215.58–238.98 µg/mL (α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition), and 118.63–350.00 µg/mL (anti-inflammatory assays), compared to standard drugs.In conclusion, the ethanol extract of M. struthiopteris from Nigeria exhibits measurable protective activity against oxidative stress, hyperglycemia, and inflammation, although at lower potency than reference drugs. Its natural origin and multifunctional bioactivity suggest potential application as a functional food ingredient or herbal therapeutic. Further studies involving bioassay-guided fractionation, compound isolation, and in vivo validation are recommended to enhance its pharmacological relevance.