Integrating multi-omics and clinical management in breast cancer: a comprehensive review

Unlike conventional reviews that often treat molecular layers as isolated domains, this review uniquely integrates genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic data to bridge the gap between advanced tumor microenvironment (TME) profiling and actionable clinical management. Its objective is to provide a definitive translational roadmap that decodes TME reprogramming, surmounts therapeutic resistance, and optimizes personalized oncology. We dissect the multifaceted mechanisms driving therapeutic resistance and highlight the paradigm-shifting role of liquid biopsy (ctDNA, CTCs, and exosomes) in dynamically monitoring minimal residual disease (MRD).