A Systematic Review on Biosensor Used in Medical Diagnostics; Challenges, Recent Advances and Future Prospectives

ABSTRACTDiagnosis is an important factor in the treatment and management of diseases, yet the truth ofthe matter is that most diagnostic tests need lab facilities and take some time to complete.Microbial culture, PCR, and ELISA are examples of precise and reliable tests; however, thelimitations of such tests are evident during emergencies or limited resources conditions, asseen from the above example. The biosensor has become more favourable under suchcircumstances due to its accuracy. Biosensors involve the use of biological elements such asenzymes, antibodies or even DNA along with detectors to facilitate the measurement ofbiological phenomena. They are therefore well suited for quick analyses using small samplesizes during diagnosis. Biosensors have received more attention because of health reasonsassociated with other worldwide problems such as chronic illnesses like diabetes andcancers.The coronavirus pandemic has clearly shown once again the significance of timelydiagnostics in terms of its impact on the success of disease management and treatment.Technological development has played an important role in biosensor innovation. Forexample, nanotechnology and materials like graphene and gold nanoparticles helped achievebetter performance, while microfluidics contributed to downsizing and reduced the number ofreagents needed. Besides, a combination of wearable biosensors and smartphones ispromising in terms of remote sensing. Nonetheless, there is a big gap between research workand its practical application since biosensors showing great performance in laboratoryconditions may behave completely differently when used in the real world. Various problemsof interference, poor stability and scalability are some of the reasons why certain biosensorscannot be used in practice. The goal of the current literature review is to analyse varioustypes of biosensors and discuss their advantages and limitations.