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Importance: It remains unknown whether nicotine intake among youths who vape is lower, comparable, or higher than among youths who smoke. Objective: To examine potential differences in biomarkers of exposure to nicotine (1) between adolescents who smoke tobacco, vape, both vape and smoke (dual use), or do not use; (2) between adolescents in 3 countries; and (3) by nicotine content and form in the vaping product last used among adolescents who exclusively vaped. Design, Setting, and Participants: This population-based, observational cross-sectional study invited adolescents aged 16 to 19 years in Canada, England, and the US who had previously completed national surveys to participate in a biomarker study based on their vaping and smoking status. Participants completed questionnaires and self-collected urine samples between September 2019 and January 2022. Analyses were conducted in February 2023 and between January and June 2024. Exposures: Vaping, tobacco smoking, dual use, or no use in the past 7 days. Main Outcomes and Measures: Urine concentration of cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (3OH-cotinine), and total nicotine equivalents (TNE-2; molar sum of cotinine and 3OH-cotinine), normalized for creatinine concentration. Results: Among the 364 participants (mean SD age, 17.6 1.1 years; 203 females 55.8%) who provided usable urine samples and completed questionnaires, no differences in TNE-2 concentration were observed between adolescents who exclusively vaped (n = 73; geometric mean SD, 3.10 16.69 nmol/mg creatinine), exclusively smoked (n = 68; geometric mean SD, 3.78 18.00 nmol/mg creatinine), or both vaped and smoked (n = 77; geometric mean SD, 6.07 19.08 nmol/mg creatinine) in the past week, adjusting for creatinine concentration, age, sex, country, and cannabis use. All vaping and/or smoking groups had higher concentrations of TNE-2 than no use (n = 146; geometric mean SD, 0.19 1.14 nmol/mg creatinine; P < .001 for all contrasts). Among adolescents who exclusively vaped (n = 73), TNE-2 concentrations were not significantly different between those who reported using products containing more than 20 mg/mL nicotine (n = 33; geometric mean SD, 4.35 18.25 nmol/mg creatinine) and containing 20 mg/mL nicotine or less (n = 28; geometric mean SD, 5.13 15.64 nmol/mg creatinine). Reported use of vaping products containing nicotine salts (n = 23) was associated with higher concentration of TNE-2 (geometric mean SD, 10.78 18.03 nmol/mg creatinine) than reported use of products without nicotine salts (n = 29; geometric mean SD, 2.72 15.42 nmol/ng creatinine; P = .03) or reporting "don't know" (n = 14; geometric mean SD, 1.55 15.01 nmol/ng creatinine; P = .009). Similar patterns of exposure were observed for cotinine and 3OH-cotinine. Conclusions and Relevance: This cross-sectional study found that vaping was associated with similar nicotine exposure as smoking among adolescents. Reported use of a nicotine salt product was associated with higher nicotine exposure among those who exclusively vaped, consistent with findings from laboratory and population studies indicating greater dependence for nicotine salt e-cigarettes.
Hammond et al. (Wed,) studied this question.