Circadian rhythms and neuroprotective effects of melatonin in the central nervous system

This article summarizes current data on the role of melatonin in regulating circadian rhythms and maintaining the functional activity of the central nervous system. It examines the main mechanisms of neuroendocrine control of melatonin secretion, as well as the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus and the pineal gland in maintaining the body’s circadian rhythm. Current concepts regarding the receptor mechanisms of melatonin action and the functional characteristics of MT1 and MT2 receptors in brain structures are discussed. In addition to its chronobiological effects, melatonin participates in cellular defense mechanisms. The role of melatonin as an endogenous antioxidant and modulator of cellular signaling processes has been analyzed. Particular attention is paid to its role in regulating mitochondrial function, supporting oxidative phosphorylation, controlling oxidative stress, and maintaining cellular homeostasis. Data are presented on the participation of melatonin in the functioning of the brain's glymphatic system, the elimination of neurotoxic metabolites, and the maintenance of metabolic balance in nervous tissue. An analysis of the results of studies was carried out, which confirm the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of melatonin in lesions of the central nervous system. Accumulated experimental and clinical data confirm the promise of further study of melatonin as a biologically active molecule with a wide spectrum of effects on the body. Received: 4.03.2026 | Revised: 27.03.2026 | Accepted: 5.05.2026