We propose shifting neural network optimization from the parameter space into a dual space of dimensionality. Our core mechanism is the M-matrix—an analytical per-layer Jacobian derived from forward-pass activations, yielding exact gradients without a global computational graph. In this dual formulation, every weight update is the exact optimum of a least-squares problem, solved via a matrix-free Conjugate Gradient (CG) method.
Yu. V. Petrov (Sun,) studied this question.
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