Advancing Rural Otolaryngology Care with Artificial Intelligence - A State-of-the-Art Review

Objective: To highlight the recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) within otolaryngology and explore their translational potential in the rural setting. Data sources: PubMed, Medline Review methods: Available literature on AI applications in otolaryngology were reviewed from 2019 until October 16, 2025. Two co-authors performed the abstract review and study selection, and the senior author resolved discrepancies. Study outcomes included applications of AI technologies for use in otolaryngology, and subsequently, exploring their potential applications in rural settings. Conclusions: 5031 articles were identified. After screening, 31 original manuscripts were included. Studies were stratified into oral cavity lesions (n = 6), laryngeal pathologies (n = 9), otologic presentations (n = 4), rhinology applications (n = 5), and patient education materials (n = 7). Of the included studies, 7 were conducted in rural healthcare settings. Implications for practice: AI tools for use in rural otolaryngology will enable healthcare providers to reduce administrative burden, improve diagnostic and referral accuracy, and improve patient-provider education. The limited number of studies conducted in rural settings suggests that implementation of AI tools in rural otolaryngology remains in its infancy. We highlight current applications of AI in otolaryngology and explore their potential deployment in remote and underserved locations, with the goal to enhance healthcare delivery and efficiency, and serve as a valuable diagnostic and therapeutic tool.