Brain–Computer Interface (BCI) and Neuroergonomics Applications in Transportation Systems: An Overview of Current Trends and Future Perspectives

A brain–computer interface (BCI) is a complex system that allows humans to interact with physical devices by analysing and interpreting brain signals obtained from neuroimaging modalities (electroencephalography, electrocorticography, magnetoencephalography, intracortical neuron recording, functional magnetic resonance imaging, etc.). BCI applications in robotics and medicine have demonstrated invaluable benefits. The rise of BCI technology and neuroergonomics techniques could also provide promising solutions in transportation systems, particularly in smart roads, vehicles, and traffic regulation systems. This narrative literature review examines how, in the age of smart transportation systems and self-driving vehicles, different far-future applications of BCI systems could be integrated to enhance the safety and capacity of transportation systems.