Structural Health Monitoring of Tall Slender Structures Under Environmental Factors: A Review of Geomatics and Multi-Technology Approaches with Bibliometric Analysis

Very tall slender structures are constructions that, due to their exceptional structural characteristics, are most exposed to environmental factors, especially wind and uneven sunlight. We refer specifically to smoke chimneys over 200 m and tall television towers, which, due to their truncated conical structure, exhibit behavior different from residential-type structures. Environmental stresses manifest as forces that can induce reversible tilts and oscillations—when their value significantly exceeds design values, they can cause damage or even destruction of the construction. Monitoring the preservation of structural integrity under the influence of environmental factors—a fundamental component of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)—is essential for safety and maintenance. In the SHM of very tall slender structures, many studies employ various theories, methodologies, and technologies that have advanced rapidly due to the expansion of information technology. The objective of this study is to identify areas lacking research in the existing literature regarding environmental factors influencing the reversible displacement of very tall slender structures, along with the analysis of techniques and technologies used for monitoring these structures. To achieve this objective, the most critical environmental factors and technologies, especially sensor-based ones, were identified through a systematic search of the most popular databases. Subsequently, the study employs a bibliometric analysis, exploring challenges and prospective research areas reflected in the specialized literature. An extensive analysis of the State-of-the-Art on the subject in the specialized literature—particularly that published by the most prestigious journals in the field—was conducted. The findings indicate a lack of scientific investigations on environmental factors influencing SHM of very tall slender structures, especially studies on the effect of uneven sunlight on structures. The research provides a comprehensive understanding of SHM of very tall slender structures and has practical implications for developing effective monitoring methodologies.