Luteolin against Epilepsy: Insights from network pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and experimental evidence

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures resulting from abnormal neuronal excitability and synchronization. Despite the availability of numerous antiepileptic drugs, a substantial proportion of patients continue to experience drug-resistant epilepsy and adverse treatment-related effects. Luteolin, a naturally occurring flavonoid widely distributed in medicinal plants and dietary sources, has attracted increasing attention because of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anticonvulsant properties. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its therapeutic effects against epilepsy remain incompletely understood.