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June 10, 2026International Journal of Mental Health Nursing

Venous Thromboembolism as a Forgotten Complication of Physical Restraint: A Scoping Review and Implications for Practice

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Authors

RMRamiro Manzano-NúñezDGDiego E. GómezETElvira M. Triana

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Overview

Scoping review highlights thromboembolic risks in restrained patients, emphasizing the need for improved safety protocols.

Key Points

  • This review aims to synthesize the literature on thromboembolic events related to physical restraint in mental healthcare settings.
  • Literature search conducted on PubMed and Scopus until September 2025 according to PRISMA-ScR guidelines.
  • Study selection and data extraction performed by two independent reviewers.
  • Twenty studies, including case reports, case series, case-control, and cohort studies, were analyzed.
  • Thromboembolic event incidence in cohort studies ranged from 9% to 11%.
  • Six studies identified a direct association between physical restraint and thromboembolic events, specifically with prolonged restraint duration.
  • Thromboprophylaxis was variably documented; usage varied across studies with inconsistent reporting on hydration, nutrition, and elimination.

Cite This Study

Manzano-Núñez et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a2900266f82f25be989ccaehttps://doi.org/10.1111/inm.70280
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 1Fatal pulmonary thromboembolism after prolonged physical immobilization in hospitalized psychiatric patients2013 · 12 citations
  2. 2Association of Antipsychotic Drugs with Venous Thromboembolism: Data Mining of Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System and Mendelian Randomization Analysis2023 · 9 citations
  3. 3Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease2024 · 144 citations
  4. 4Pulmonary embolism incidence among patient admitted under psychiatry department: a case-control study2024 · 5 citations
  5. 5American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: prophylaxis for hospitalized and nonhospitalized medical patients2018 · 832 citations