Modeling approach for shell-and tube PCM-based thermal storage optimization

Thermal energy storage (TES) plays a critical role in the transition towards decarbonization. Phase Change Material (PCM)-based shell-and-tube TES systems have attracted increasing attention; however, their modeling often relies on single-pipe simulations that do not capture key physical phenomena, or on complex three-dimensional models that require substantial computational resources. This paper introduces a two-dimensional modeling approach for shell-and-tube PCM-based TES systems that reduces computational requirements while enabling the inclusion of external conditions, pipe arrangement modifications, and multivariable optimization. The model was validated against experimental data reported in the literature, showing root-mean-square errors of 0.9 °C and 0.88 °C for the outlet TES temperature and at an intermediate PCM location within TES, respectively.