Phytochemical diversity and therapeutic potential of the Polyalthia genus: a comprehensive review

The Polyalthia genus is a rich source of bioactive compounds with significant pharmacological potential, exhibiting diverse biological activities such as anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, and antimalarial properties. Notable species, including P. bullata, P. cauliflora, P. debilis, and P. nemoralis, have demonstrated cytotoxic effects, while P. debilis, P. evecta, and P. nemoralis exhibit potent antimalarial activity. Additionally, P. cinnamomea, P. debilis, P. obliqua, and P. stenopetala possess antimicrobial properties, P. suberosa shows anti-HIV activity, and P. stenopetala exhibits neuroprotective effects and acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Phytochemical investigations reveal an abundance of alkaloids, particularly in P. nemoralis and P. cauliflora, as well as acetogenins in P. debilis and P. evecta. Recent taxonomic revisions have led to the reclassification of several Polyalthia species, with P. longifolia and P. lateriflora now placed under Monoon, and P. suaveolens reassigned to Greenwayodendron. Phylogenetic analyses confirm the polyphyletic nature of Polyalthia, necessitating its reorganization while remaining within the Annonaceae family. Currently, the genus comprises 97 species. This review provides a comprehensive compilation of the phytochemical diversity and pharmacological activities of the Polyalthia genus, highlighting its potential for the development of novel therapeutic agents and identifying gaps for future clinical research. However, most findings are based on in vitro and preclinical studies, and further toxicological and clinical investigations are necessary to confirm their therapeutic potential and safety.