Normative reference values for executive function through the Early Years Toolbox (EYT) in preschoolers

tasks. Percentile distributions indicated these age-related differences across EF domains, with the most noticeable changes seen in working memory and cognitive flexibility. Inhibitory control followed a more gradual pattern. Variability between individuals decreases with age, suggesting increased cognitive stability in older preschoolers. This study provides preliminary normative data illustrating the developmental trajectory of executive functioning in Spanish preschool-aged children. These benchmarks offer a culturally relevant reference for school-based EF assessments and enable meaningful cross-national comparisons.