A Review on Varied Mechanistic Pathways of Four Major Isothiocyanates in Cancer Suppression and Their Synergistic Action in Cancer Therapy

This review explores the anticancer potential of key isothiocyanates (ITCs), including phenyl, allyl, and benzyl isothiocyanates (BITCs), and sulforaphane, with a focus on their synergistic effects with conventional cancer therapies. Derived primarily from Brassica vegetables, these compounds modulate apoptosis, redox balance, and epigenetic regulation, contributing to their chemopreventive properties. Emerging evidence suggests that ITCs can enhance chemotherapy and radiotherapy by sensitizing cancer cells and overcoming resistance; however, their full therapeutic potential remains underexplored, necessitating further research. ITCs exert anticancer effects through multiple mechanisms, including the activation of detoxification enzymes, suppression of oncogenic pathways, induction of apoptosis, and regulation of oxidative stress. Key signaling pathways, such as Nrf2, NF-κB, and MAPK, play critical roles in inhibiting tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Additionally, ITCs can enhance conventional therapies by increasing cancer cell sensitivity and reducing adverse effects, positioning them as promising adjunctive agents in cancer treatment. The synergy between ITCs and conventional therapies holds significant potential for improving treatment outcomes. Nevertheless, optimizing their clinical application requires further investigation into appropriate dosing, delivery methods, and combination strategies. A deeper understanding of their molecular mechanisms and synergistic interactions will facilitate their integration into cancer therapies, ultimately enhancing therapeutic efficacy and patient outcomes.