Infrastructure-Based Road Safety Evaluation on Urban Arterial and Collector Roads Using Road Safety Audit (RSA): A Case Study of Denpasar City

The increasing rate of traffic accidents and environmental harm from unsustainable transportation call for a more comprehensive approach to road infrastructure planning. The consistently high number of traffic crashes in urban areas, including Denpasar City, points to significant road safety issues. This study assesses the safety performance of urban roads through a Road Safety Audit (RSA) on arterial and collector segments in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. Using a qualitative descriptive method based on Forgiving Road, Self-Explaining Road, and Self-Regulating Road principles, data were gathered through field surveys of main road corridors. The audit identified Patimura Street, Teuku Umar Street, Gunung Agung Street, Gatot Subroto Street, and Mahendradatta Street as having the most serious safety deficiencies, indicating a high risk of severe crashes, injuries, and fatalities. The Forgiving Road principle was rarely met, indicating a lack of protective infrastructure to reduce crash severity. Deficiencies in Self-Regulating and Self-Explaining Roads imply that current designs do not effectively guide user behavior or promote safe, intuitive decision-making. These results emphasize the need to improve urban road safety to prevent accidents and promote a sustainable urban transportation system.