A Comprehensive Review of Spina Bifida: Pathophysiology, Etiology, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Management

Inadequate closure of the neural tube during embryonic development results in spina bifida, a congenital neural tube defect. It can cause neurological and physical impairments by affecting the spinal cord. Meningocele, spina bifida occulta, and the most severe variant, myelomeningocele, are the primary forms. Its development is influenced by environmental, dietary, and genetic factors, particularly folic acid deficiency. Developmental delay, bowel and bladder problems, and muscle weakness are typical symptoms. Alpha-fetoprotein tests and ultrasonography are used for prenatal diagnosis. Antibiotics, hydrocephalus therapy, foetal surgery, and orthopaedic care to enhance mobility and quality of life are all part of management.