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Mathematical modeling examines the effects of nanoparticle shapes and sizes on hybrid nanofluid performance, suggesting industrial applications.
The morphological aspects of hybrid nanofluid's nanoparticles have unique benefits depending upon different shapes and sizes because larger shapes and sizes of nanoparticles cannot exhibit higher rheological reactivity. In this manuscript, a new mathematical modeling for hybrid nanofluid with shape and size effects of nanoparticles has been established under an application of non-integer differentials. The governing equations namely momentum and energy equations have been generated via Boussinesq's approximation and Hamilton and Crosser model by considering sodium alginate as a base fluid with two types of nanoparticles namely graphene oxide and graphite nanoparticles. For the sake of analytical solutions of momentum and energy equations, the Fourier sine and Laplace transforms have been invoked under generalized exponential velocity and unidirectional temperature as the boundary condition. Our results suggest that the shape effects of nanoparticles have exhibited catalytic activity, adsorption capacity, quantum confinement effects with hardness and elasticity. However, the overall thermal analysis of shape and size effects of nanoparticles has manipulated an optimized performance for industrial tolerance.
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Siyal et al. (2026) studied this question.
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