Near-fault ground motions (NFGMs), characterized by forward-directivity velocity pulses, impose severe kinematic demands that challenge conventional structural systems. As modern civil engineering pivots toward rapid functional recovery, a critical paradigm shift is required: moving from component-centric kinematic vulnerability diagnostics to network-level systemic resilience optimization. This comprehensive review elucidates this transition, conceptualizing an integrated “3C Resilience Framework”—encompassing Coupled-multi-hazard, City-scale, and Carbon-friendly dimensions—as a strategic roadmap for next-generation seismic design. A pivotal focus is the physical evaluation of contemporary regulatory evolutions, specifically the multi-point spectral lower-bound constraints in American Society of Civil Engineers Standard 7-22 (ASCE 7-22) and the site-specific scaling factors in Eurocode 8. We demonstrate that these spectral floors are physically essential for flexible and isolated structures to constrain long-period kinetic energy, thereby mitigating the underestimation of residual drifts that fundamentally dictate repairability. Furthermore, this review explicitly aligns structural performance with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 9 & 11). By synthesizing advanced mitigation topologies with surrogate-assisted computational paradigms, this roadmap bridges the micro-to-macro scale gap between physical structural degradation and regional functional restoration, providing an actionable blueprint for sustainable urban networks.
Zhao et al. (2026) studied this question.