State‐of‐the‐Art Progress in Diverse Black Phosphorus‐Based Structures: Basic Properties, Synthesis, Stability, Photo‐ and Electrocatalysis‐Driven Energy Conversion

Over the past few decades, the design and development of advanced catalysts for efficient energy conversion technologies have undergone extensive study. Black phosphorus (BP) is considered to be one of the most promising catalysts, exhibiting remarkable performance and drawing significant attention, because of its extraordinary physicochemical properties: a unique layered structure, anisotropic structure, tunable direct bandgap, and ultrahigh charge mobility. In this review, the fundamentals of bulk BP, single‐ and few‐layer phosphorene, and BP quantum dots are briefly introduced, along with their crystal structure, optical and electrical properties, stability, and synthetic methods. Furthermore, recent progress toward diverse BP‐based materials for photo‐ and electrocatalysis for renewable energy is summarized, specifically focusing on water splitting, CO 2 conversion, and nitrogen fixation. Finally, the challenges ahead for these BP‐based catalysts are also emphasized, alongside and perspectives on their further development as part of the this fast‐flourishing renewable energy field.