Phytochemical-Mediated Anxiolytic and Antidepressant Effects via Modulation ofNeuroplasticity in Experimental Rodent Models

Abstract:BackgroundPhytochemical-rich medicinal plants have gained considerable attention for their potential role in managingneuropsychiatric disorders. Traditional medicinal systems have extensively used various parts of Aconitum feroxfor the treatment of multiple ailments, including rheumatism, epilepsy, and as a sexual tonic. Emerging evidencesuggests that plant-derived bioactive compounds can modulate neural plasticity, thereby reducing anxiety anddepressive symptoms.ObjectiveThe present study aimed to evaluate the anxiolytic and antidepressant potential of the ethanolic crude extract ofAconitum ferox based on its traditional medicinal usage and phytochemical composition.MethodsThe aqueous methanolic extract of Aconitum ferox was prepared using a rotary evaporator under reducedpressure. Preliminary phytochemical screening was performed to identify the major bioactive constituents. Theanxiolytic activity was assessed using behavioral models, including the light–dark exploration test, elevated plusmaze (EPM), rota-rod test, and actophotometer. Antidepressant activity was evaluated using the forced swim testand tail suspension test. Experimental animals were administered oral doses of 200, 300, and 500 mg/kg of theextract, and their behavioral responses were compared with control groups.ResultsPhytochemical analysis revealed the presence of multiple bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids,glycosides, and polyphenols. Treatment with Aconitum ferox extract produced a significant, dose-dependentincrease in head dipping behavior and time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze and the illuminatedcompartment of the light–dark box. Additionally, a marked reduction in immobility time was observed in boththe forced swim and tail suspension tests, indicating significant antidepressant activity (P < 0.05).ConclusionThe findings of the present study demonstrate that Aconitum ferox possesses significant anxiolytic andantidepressant properties, potentially mediated through modulation of neuroplasticity and neurotransmitterpathways. However, further investigations are warranted to isolate, characterize, and validate the specificbioactive compound(s) responsible for these pharmacological effects.