The Emergence of Overeducation in the Labor Market: a Systematic Review and Qualitative Meta-Synthesis

This study addresses the phenomenon of overeducation, which refers to individuals working in jobs below their level of education. Although numerous studies have been conducted on this topic, inconsistencies among findings and the lack of comprehensive analysis of qualitative research create a significant gap in the literature. This research aims to fill that gap by conducting a meta-synthesis based on qualitative studies. The primary aim is to synthesize qualitative findings on overeducation to uncover its structural causes and consequences at individual and societal levels. Secondary aims include examining labor market dynamics and policy implications and developing a holistic framework for understanding overeducation. In this research, the qualitative meta-synthesis method was employed. Eight qualitative studies published between 2004 and 2024 were selected through a PRISMA-guided search across five databases. The study identifies key themes: skill mismatch, educational fetishism, international labor market barriers, and the symbolic value of education. Consequences include identity loss, psychological stress, social mobility limitations, and precarious employment. The findings reveal overeducation as a structural issue tied to educational and labor market misalignment. This study offers a novel theoretical synthesis of fragmented qualitative findings, providing actionable insights for policymakers, educators, and labor economists.