Escaping electrons in ultracold strongly coupled plasmas

Escaping electrons are a fundamental nonequilibrium component in plasmas and play a crucial role in energy and particle transport. Ultracold plasmas provide a simple and well-controlled platform for directly studying escaping electrons. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate the escaping behavior of electrons in ultracold plasmas during the electron equilibration phase and show that their dynamics are closely associated with Coulomb coupling parameter. In the weakly coupled regime, the evolution of escaping electrons exhibits universal behavior under appropriate scaling, whereas in the strongly coupled regime, their formation is strongly suppressed. These results reveal the characteristics of escaping dynamics in ultracold plasmas and provide insight into electron escape processes in more complex plasmas.