Analysis of whole-genome enables discrimination of Panax genus with commercial products

Accurately identifying closely related plant species is fundamental to ensuring the safety, efficacy, and quality control of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and its derived herbal products. Based on Analysis of Whole Genome (AGE), this study developed a high-resolution melting (HRM) method capable of efficiently and accurately identifying closely related species within the genus Panax . By leveraging bioinformatics, species-specific DNA markers were identified, enabling the design of discriminative primers. A dual HRM system was optimized to simultaneously detect Panax ginseng (Pg) and Panax quinquefolius (Pq) in a single reaction. Application to 127 commercial Panax herbal teas revealed a 33.1% adulteration rate, including substitution with Platycodon grandiflorum or mixed- Panax -species products. Among the 15 tested Chinese patent medicines, SLBZW-A uniquely exhibited no detectable DNA of Pg via HRM analysis, yet UPLC-MS confirmed the presence of three characteristic ginsenosides (Rg1, Re, Rb1) as required by the Chinese pharmacopoeia, suggesting the use of processed extracts rather than raw powder. This study pioneers a dual HRM analysis system that synergizes rapid processing (<2 h), high sensitivity (3 ng/μL limit), and user-friendly interpretation for the accurate differentiation of closely related species. Additionally, it establishes a methodological foundation for developing specific identification systems based on AGE.