Electrospun PPDO-BG/PVDF fibrous membranes with piezoelectric synergistic bioactive ion controlled release for enhanced bone repair

Bone defects caused by trauma, infection, or tumors remain challenging in clinics. Conventional methods cannot simultaneously regulate the electrical microenvironment, ionic microenvironment, and extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment during osteogenesis. This study reports a piezoelectric and bioactive glass (BG)-loaded fibrous membrane (PVO) fabricated via electrospinning from polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and poly(p-dioxanone) (PPDO). The PVDF component provides piezoelectric stimulation to build the electrical microenvironment, while BG-loaded PPDO enables sustained ion release to optimize the ionic microenvironment. The fibrous structure mimics the ECM microenvironment. In vitro osteogenic differentiation experiments using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) showed that the PVO fibrous membrane doped with 0.5% BG exhibited the highest alkaline phosphatase (ALP) content after 14 days of electrical stimulation combined with BG treatment, with substantial calcium nodules formed by day 21. In vivo implantation experiments in rat skull defect models further validate its therapeutic potential, with new bone formation observed in the PVO-0.5 group up to day 28. Its structure, piezoelectric performance and ion release synergistically improve osteogenic activity, making the PVO membrane an ideal scaffold for bone tissue engineering and providing an effective solution for bone repair.