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The aim is to explore the nature of stable topological remnants left by black hole evaporation and their implications for unitarity and dark matter.

June 12, 2026Open Access

Topological Remnants of Black Hole Evaporation: From 2D Toy Models to 4D Axionic Wormholes and Dark Matter

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The aim is to explore the nature of stable topological remnants left by black hole evaporation and their implications for unitarity and dark matter.
Reviewed 2D CGHS toy model with topological dilaton coupling.
Constructed effective field theory in 4D with axion coupling to gravitational Pontryagin density.
Derived modified Einstein equations and analyzed static configurations for topological charge.
Topological remnant entropy S_rem = 2π n arises from string-theoretic considerations.
Remnant mass scales with M_rem ~ n M_P^3 / f_a, viable as cold dark matter from grams to tons.
Computed Euclidean instanton action suggests unitarity preservation at Planck scale black hole mass.

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Exploratory hypothesis shows that stable topological remnants may store black hole information, suggesting implications for dark matter.

Luca Eliseo Pavesi (2026) studied this question.

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