Revival dilemma: self-determination and human rights challenges in Southeastern Nigeria

This study examines the revivalist dilemma of self-determination and its implications for human rights in Southeastern Nigeria, with a focus on the activities of the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB). It aims to explore the tension between self-determination claims and citizens’ rights by analyzing IPOB’s operations and alleged human rights violations. Using a mixed-method approach, the study combined both quantitative and qualitative techniques. A total of 400 questionnaires were distributed in selected states in Southeastern Nigeria, with 348 valid responses collected and analyzed. To ensure unbiased, comprehensive, and objective results, the study also included key informant interviews with stakeholders, including civil society groups, security analysts, and policymakers, to provide context and validate the findings. Results show that most respondents did not perceive any severe systemic injustice against Southeastern Nigeria that would justify secession. The findings also reveal that ongoing protests, including sit-at-home directives and enforcement measures, have reportedly harmed citizens’ political participation and economic well-being. However, the ongoing court trial of IPOB’s leader is widely seen as a catalyst that increased separatist support and radicalized followers. The study concludes that while self-determination is a legitimate principle under international law, its pursuit must not undermine the fundamental human rights and democratic freedoms of the wider population.