Mothers on a mission: exploring mompreneurship and economic empowerment in Kazakhstan

This study examines the challenges and opportunities of mompreneurship in Kazakhstan, focusing on women balancing entrepreneurship and motherhood within socio-economic and institutional contexts. Using a cross-sectional quantitative design, data were collected from 520 mompreneurs across major regions. Statistical analyses were conducted using R and Excel, including descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, and multiple regression. Measurement reliability was confirmed through Cronbach’s Alpha (α = 0.76–0.87) and McDonald’s Omega (ω = 0.78–0.89). To enhance methodological rigor, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were performed, demonstrating acceptable model fit (χ²/df = 2.41, CFI = 0.94, TLI = 0.92, RMSEA = 0.058, SRMR = 0.049). Convergent and discriminant validity were established using Composite Reliability (CR > 0.70), Average Variance Extracted (AVE > 0.50), and HTMT (< 0.85). Common method bias was assessed using Harman’s single-factor test (< 50%), indicating no significant bias. Regression diagnostics confirmed model robustness (R² = 0.37–0.48; VIF < 5). Findings reveal that government support, digital technology usage, and access to finance significantly influence entrepreneurial outcomes, while work–family balance remains a persistent constraint. Despite structural barriers, digitalization and evolving policy frameworks create new opportunities for flexible and home-based entrepreneurship. The study contributes by integrating institutional, technological, and life-course perspectives within the context of emerging economies. However, the study is limited by sample scope and cross-sectional design, suggesting the need for longitudinal and comparative research to enhance generalizability and policy relevance.