Ziziphus mauritiana: Phytochemistry, Pharmacognosy, and Evaluation of Antiarthritic Properties in a CFA-Induced Arthritis Model in Rats — A Comprehensive Review

Background: Arthritis, encompassing rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA), represents one of the most debilitating inflammatory joint disorders worldwide, imposing a significant socioeconomic burden. Conventional pharmacotherapy, while effective, is associated with numerous adverse effects, prompting growing interest in plant-based therapeutic alternatives. Objective: This review aims to comprehensively summarize the pharmacognostic characteristics, phytochemical profile, and documented anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic potential of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. (Rhamnaceae) with special focus on CFA-induced arthritis models. Methods: Extensive literature from PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Web of Science was reviewed, along with ethnomedicinal data. Studies published between 2003 and 2025 were evaluated. Results: Z. mauritiana contains an abundance of flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin), triterpenoids (betulinic acid, oleanolic acid), alkaloids (nummularine, mauritine), tannins, saponins, and glycosides. Preclinical studies confirm significant inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema and CFA-induced polyarthritis in rat models, linked to downregulation of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, and NF-κB pathways. Standardization of leaf powder revealed ash value 7.2±0.3%, moisture content 5.1±0.2%, and notable alcohol- and water-soluble extractive values. Conclusion: Z. mauritiana exhibits robust anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic properties. Further mechanistic, toxicological, and clinical studies are warranted to translate these findings into therapeutic applications.