Advances in vascularized organoids

The development of organoid technology has led to notable advances in regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and drug screening. However, given the pivotal role of vascular systems in growth maintenance and nutrient delivery, the lack of functional vascular networks within organoids limits the scalability and physiological functionality of these organoids. Efforts to explore strategies for organoid vascularization, such as co-culture, transcription factor induction, microfluidic technology, and the application of biomaterial scaffolds, are underway. These methods have shown distinct advantages across different types of organoids, partially addressing vascularization challenges. However, issues such as limited vascular network integration and insufficient functional maturity remain unresolved. Future efforts should prioritize the development of multi-tiered vascular networks, the application of smart biomaterials, and the creation of personalized vascularized organoids. This review summarizes the advances in this field and explores the potential translation of vascularized organoids into clinical practice, offering recommendations for further research.