Adherence of Oncologists and Cardiologists to Venous Thromboembolic Disease Prevention and Treatment Guidelines in Cancer Patients: A Cross-Sectional Survey from Turkey

Background: Cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. Although international guidelines provide comprehensive recommendations for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prevention and treatment, the degree to which clinicians adhere to these guidelines in routine practice remains unclear, particularly in countries with limited national data such as Turkey. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive survey was conducted among oncology specialists (medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, and surgical oncologists) and cardiologists practicing across Turkey. A structured, case-based questionnaire comprising 21 multiple-choice questions was distributed electronically via SurveyMonkey. The questionnaire assessed perioperative VTE prophylaxis approaches, VTE risk assessment practices in ambulatory patients, primary and long-term secondary thromboprophylaxis preferences, acute VTE treatment strategies, and management of special clinical scenarios. Responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics and compared between oncologist and cardiologist groups. Results: A total of 84 physicians participated (34 oncologists 40.5%, 50 cardiologists 59.5%). Perioperative and inpatient VTE prophylaxis practices were largely concordant with guideline recommendations, with 67.9% individualizing prophylaxis decisions and 66.7% initiating prophylaxis in hospitalized immobile patients when not contraindicated. However, only 33.7% routinely performed VTE risk assessment in ambulatory patients, and 64.6% did not use any validated risk scoring system. Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) was the preferred agent for acute VTE treatment (72.6%), while direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) gained preference in long-term secondary thromboprophylaxis (42.2%). No statistically significant differences were observed between oncologists and cardiologists across all survey items (all p > 0.05). Notably, 94.1% of respondents expressed a need to update their knowledge regarding CAT management. Conclusions: While oncologists and cardiologists in Turkey demonstrate general awareness of CAT guidelines, significant gaps persist in VTE risk stratification and primary prophylaxis for ambulatory cancer patients. The near-universal self-reported need for knowledge updates highlights the urgency for structured multidisciplinary education programs, integration of validated risk scoring tools into clinical workflows, and development of nationally adapted clinical practice guidelines. These findings reflect self-reported practices and may not fully represent actual clinical behavior; future studies incorporating medical record reviews or prescription data are needed to validate these observations.