Endophytic Microbes: Natural Entities for Sustainable Agriculture and Human Health

Sustainable agriculture and human health can be significantly impacted by endophytic microbes. These microbes are the important component of the plant holobiont. By facilitating nutrient acquisition, producing phytohormones, and secreting stress relieving enzymes, these endophytic microbes support the plant growth and increase crop resistance against both biotic and abiotic stresses. Their ability to form symbiotic relationships without harming the host allows them to function as natural bio-stimulants and biocontrol agents, promoting environmental sustainability. Additionally, endophytes are known for the efficient production of different types of bioactive secondary metabolites, such as terpenoids, peptides, alkaloids, and polyketides, which possess strong antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and immunomodulatory properties. These compounds offer promising opportunities for new drug discovery to combat the increasing global challenge of drug resistance, which can provide aid and relief in all aspects of human life. Recent advancements in multi-omics techniques have enhanced our knowledge about the diversity of endophytic microorganisms, colonization strategies, and their functional capabilities across various plant species and environments. Therefore, the exploration of endophytic microbes can effectively address the dual challenges of enhancing agricultural productivity to meet increasing food demands and managing the pharmaceutical with naturally derived therapeutics. In this review, we discuss current insights regarding endophytic microbial diversity, colonization strategies, their roles in promoting plant growth, and their applications in the fields of sustainable agriculture and human health.