An in-depth analysis of the core microbiota of Tenebrio molitor : a comprehensive evaluation of its influences and significance for food safety

The microbiota of edible insects is increasingly recognized as a key factor in ensuring food safety, quality, and consumer acceptance. Understanding bacterial communities associated with Tenebrio molitor, a high-potential insect in the alternative protein industry, is essential for its safe use as a human food source. This systematic review synthesizes experimental studies reporting the microbiota of whole larvae, published between 2015 and 2025, identified in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, following PRISMA guidelines. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria, reflecting the limited but growing research on this topic. Despite heterogeneity, a reproducible core microbiota was identified. Enterobacteriaceae were detected in all studies, while Enterococcaceae and Clostridiaceae were reported in four. Other detected taxa included Lactobacillaceae and Streptococcaceae. These families comprise both beneficial microorganisms and opportunistic pathogens, highlighting the dual role of the mealworm microbiota and its relevance for food safety. Mealworm microbiota is influenced by rearing conditions, origin, methodologies, but certain taxa remain consistently present. Findings emphasize the promise and challenges of mealworm-based foods. Current evidence is limited by small sample sizes, heterogeneity, and lack of longitudinal data. Standardized approaches and functional studies are needed to strengthen the microbial safety framework for edible insects and expedite their sustainable integration into food systems.