Harnessing photothermal nanozymes for effective treatment of periodontitis: A multifunctional approach

Periodontitis is a chronic infection characterized by disrupted host-microbiota interactions, leading to alterations in the oral microbiome, activation of a proinflammatory immune response, and subsequent inflammatory destruction of alveolar bone. Conventional therapies, including mechanical debridement and antibiotics, often fail to address key issues such as inadequate biofilm removal. In recent years, the development of photothermal nanozymes (PTNs) has emerged as a promising solution, combining the photothermal effect with enzyme-like catalytic activity. PTNs offer multifunctional therapeutic benefits, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and tissue regenerative capabilities, positioning them as an innovative approach for periodontitis treatment. This review highlights the mechanisms, properties, and applications of PTNs in managing periodontitis, with a focus on their ability to target infections, regulate inflammation, and promote bone regeneration. We discuss the challenges in material design, biosafety, and clinical translation of PTNs, as well as strategies for enhancing their stability, specificity, and clinical feasibility. Furthermore, we explore the potential of combining PTNs with other therapeutic modalities, such as drug delivery systems, to further improve treatment outcomes. Despite the promising progress, the clinical application of PTNs remains in its early stages, and continued research is essential to optimize their properties and establish their long-term safety and efficacy in periodontal therapy.