Multidimensional Benefit Analysis of Balcony Photovoltaic Systems from a Dual-Carbon Perspective

As urban energy demand increases and available roof space remains limited, balcony photovoltaic (PV) systems have emerged as a promising distributed renewable energy solution. This study aims to evaluate the multidimensional benefits of these systems in urban residential applications from a dual-carbon perspective. A combination of experimental tests and numerical simulations was used to investigate the effects of installation tilt angles and vertical self-shading in high-rise buildings. A comprehensive assessment model was constructed, integrating technical power generation gains, economic returns, and environmental carbon reduction benefits. The results demonstrate that when comprehensively balancing generation gains, economic viability, and structural safety, the practical optimal installation tilt angle for balcony PV systems is around 30°. The Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) is calculated at 0.050–0.061 USD/kWh. Furthermore, a standard 800 W system operating under Beijing’s climate conditions can reduce carbon emissions by approximately 12.68 tons over its 25-year lifecycle. Therefore, balcony PV systems deliver significant technical, economic, and environmental benefits, serving as a highly feasible strategy to promote low-carbon and sustainable development in high-density cities.