Spatio-temporal economic planning weighted routing model for agricultural land-use management in peri-urban zones: a case study of the Kyiv agglomeration

<ns0:p>Ukraine’s agricultural sector faces a compound set of economic and spatial pressures: peri-urban land-use transformation, disrupted logistics, volatile fuel costs, and restricted mobility in wartime conditions. These challenges are especially evident in the Kyiv agglomeration, where agricultural operations increasingly depend on rapid re-planning under changing constraints. This study presents and evaluates a weights-based real-time routing platform for digital agriculture in Ukraine, integrated into a FAIR/OGC-aligned middleware architecture that consolidates multi-source data streams (satellite EO, UAV imagery when permitted, IoT telemetry, road and congestion layers, and administrative–economic registers). The platform operationalizes routing as a continuous decision-support service by allowing users to tune explicit weights across four criteria: time, direct cost, CO₂e, and operational risk, while enforcing land-use and safety restrictions through hard spatial masks and soft penalty layers.Empirical testing was conducted over four pilot weeks in the peri-urban belt of Kyiv using a controlled-scenario design with three weekly templates: Baseline (A), Stress (B: high fuel prices and higher transport risk), and Sustainability-adjusted (C). The middleware maintained continuous advisory generation under intermittent UAV availability and short-lived network outages by employing store-and-forward edge buffers, asynchronous refresh, and lineage capture; exported route advisories were reproducible as CSV/GeoJSON with full provenance. Scenario results show strong sensitivity of weekly logistics costs to fuel-driven cost bands: compared with Scenario A, Scenario B increased direct logistics costs by 12.44%. In comparison, Scenario C increased costs by 6.22%. Tactical re-weighting protected time performance (approximately −1.15% total travel time in B and C). In comparison, feasibility remained high (≥95% of jobs served within service windows), and restricted-edge violations remained zero due to enforced masks. CO₂e totals remained stable across scenarios under uniform emission factors, highlighting the need for differentiated low-carbon corridors or fleet classes in future pilots.The results indicate that a standards-based middleware platform combined with weight-based routing can serve as a practical tool for land-use governance and agricultural economics by linking spatial constraints, cost dynamics, and auditable sustainability indicators within a single operational workflow.Received: 27.03.2026;Accepted:07.04.2026;</ns0:p>