Laser as a toolbox for wood processing and functionalization

Wood is a unique natural resource widely utilized for various applications, and its processing has a significant role in enabling its sustainable development. Laser technology has emerged as a powerful and precise tool for the functionalization and processing of wood materials, offering flexibility and sustainability benefits. This article explores the principles of laser–wood interactions, covering photothermal, photochemical, and photomechanical processes. We identified key parameters that influence laser processing efficiency, such as laser pulse, laser wavelength, and wood material composition. It highlights novel applications of laser processing, from enhancing permeability through laser cutting or drilling, to enabling it with new properties or functions via surface laser treatment technologies such as laser-induced graphene. Furthermore, the review discusses future perspectives of laser-assisted wood engineering, highlighting its critical role in driving sustainable practices and innovations in wood materials technology.