Selective attention as a contributor to negative frequency dependent selection in predator–prey interactions

It is proposed that selective attention may be a contributor to negative frequency dependent selection in predator-prey interactions. When predators use search images to identify prey, low-frequency morphs of those prey that do not match the search image benefit from their rarity. However, the use of search images may also be accompanied by some of the characteristic limitations of selective attention specifically connected to divided attention, conjunction searches and change blindness. Research on these aspects of attention from human cognitive psychology are reviewed and connected to search image use by predators. Some of the advantage enjoyed by low-frequency morphs may be enhanced by those flaws of selective attention. Furthermore, prey species may be able to further exploit those attentional limitations through specific behavioural strategies. This article is part of the theme issue 'Exploring negative frequency dependent selection across levels: from genetics to ecology and back again'.