Differential utility of immediate versus delayed memory measures for the identification of episodic memory impairment: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

= -0.083, 95% CI [-0.126, -0.041]), though the difference was not clinically meaningful. Delay length (minutes) did not predict the delayed recall effect (β^ < 0.001) or moderate the difference between immediate and delayed recall (β^ = 0.020). Analyzed separately, word list, story, and shape recall measures showed no effect for increasing delay, and word list measures showed no delayed recall advantage. In mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease, delayed recall offered a small to medium advantage, but this was not present across all measures. All clinical subgroups analyzed showed no effect for increasing delay length. Further research is needed to clarify the utility of delayed recall. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).