Heatwave Impacts and Resilience Mechanisms in Urban Informal Settlements in India: A Systematic Review

This study explores the impacts of heatwaves in urban informal settlements in India and examines the resilience strategies adopted to mitigate these effects. Using a systematic review process aligned with PRISMA guidelines, it synthesises evidence from 24 selected peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2024, sourced from Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar. Studies were screened based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, with quality assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) framework. Key variables, including vulnerability factors, health and livelihood outcomes, and adaptive responses, were extracted and synthesised. The findings indicate that heatwaves increase mortality and morbidity, with the most vulnerable groups, including the elderly, women, children, informal workers and migrants, being disproportionately affected. Common health effects include dehydration, heat stress, cardiovascular problems and mental health disorders. Livelihood disruptions were severe among informal workers, leading to income loss and food and housing insecurity. The review identifies localised resilience strategies such as cool roofs, awareness campaigns and informal social support networks, although their implementation remains inconsistent. The study emphasises the urgent need for inclusive heat action plans, targeted health interventions and participatory governance to strengthen adaptive capacity among at-risk urban populations.