A Narrative Review of Childhood and Adolescent Obesity: Global Trends, Determinants, and Interventions

Childhood and adolescent obesity have emerged as one of the most pressing public health challenges of the 21st century, affecting both high-income and low- and middle-income countries. With increasing urbanisation, dietary transitions, and sedentary lifestyles, the prevalence of obesity among young people continues to rise globally, with significant implications for lifelong health. This narrative review critically examines global trends, key determinants, and evidence-based interventions for childhood and adolescent obesity. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Semantic Scholar, covering studies published between 2006 and 2026. Keywords and Boolean operators related to obesity, adolescents, risk factors, and interventions were applied. Relevant peer-reviewed articles, policy documents, and global health reports were included, with emphasis on English-language publications. Additional sources were identified through citation tracking and expert consultation. Findings reveal that obesity in children and adolescents is driven by a complex interplay of factors, including unhealthy dietary patterns, physical inactivity, genetic predisposition, socioeconomic influences, and environmental exposures. Emerging contributors such as digital media use and obesogenic urban environments further compound the risk. Effective interventions require a multi-level approach, encompassing individual behaviour change, family engagement, school-based programmes, community participation, and supportive public health policies. The review underscores the urgent need for coordinated, context-specific strategies that prioritise prevention, early identification, and sustainable management. Strengthening health systems, promoting health education, and fostering multisectoral collaboration are critical to reversing current trends and safeguarding the health and future productivity of the younger population.