The Effects of Participation Motivation in Park Golf among the Elderly on Psychological Happiness and Cultural Openness

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This research examines how participation motivation in park golf affects psychological happiness and cultural openness among the elderly.
Survey conducted among 327 park golf participants in Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Daegu from September to November 2025.
Analyzed data using structural equation modeling grounded in self-determination theory and cultural intelligence theory.
Explored effects of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation on the targeted variables.
Intrinsic motivation significantly positively affected both psychological happiness and cultural openness.
Amotivation negatively influenced psychological happiness and cultural openness.
Psychological happiness was found to positively impact cultural openness, while extrinsic motivation showed no significant effects.

Reveals that intrinsic motivation boosts psychological happiness and cultural openness in the elderly, suggesting policy implications.

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Seog Sun Gang (2026) studied this question.

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