Prandtl number dependence of rotating internally heated convection

We investigate the influence of the Prandtl number ( Pr ) on penetrative internally heated convection (IHC) in both non-rotating and rotating regimes using three-dimensional direct numerical simulations. By varying Pr between 0.1 and 100, we show that the global mean temperature T ̄ is not very sensitive to Pr , and is primarily controlled by the dynamics of the unstably stratified top boundary layer. In contrast, the Prandtl number dictates the behaviour of the lower, stably stratified region and affects the vertical convective heat flux wT ̄ . In the non-rotating case, low- Pr fluids exhibit a ‘symmetry recovery’ where turbulent stirring agitates the stable layer, whereas high- Pr fluids transition towards a ‘dead zone’ of suppressed fluctuations. Under rotation, we find that wT ̄ is enhanced across all Prandtl numbers, though global cooling efficiency, measured by the reduction in T ̄ , is only improved for Pr 1 due to the emergence of Ekman pumping. These results demonstrate that while IHC shares some scaling similarities with Rayleigh–Bénard convection at the top boundary, the internal stratification creates a unique sensitivity to Pr that is critical for understanding heat transport in planetary and stellar interiors.