Exploration of Pathways for Integrating Health into All Policies from the Perspective of Environmental Health Governance in China.

China is actively implementing a health-in-all-policies (HiAP) approach to address complex environmental health risks. Currently, efforts follow two parallel tracks: an environmental management-oriented pilot focusing on risk source control, and a health-promotion-driven pilot aimed at institutionalizing Health Impact Assessment (HIA). Although these initiatives have generated valuable local experiences, they remain hindered by institutional barriers, divergent legal bases, assessment methodologies, and data silos. To achieve genuine integration, this study proposes a three-level fusion pathway that systematically embeds structured health assessments into policy formulation (joint HIA at initiation), spatial planning (health assessment as an approval prerequisite), and project approval (health findings linked to permits and life cycle oversight) processes. By aligning health evidence with existing decision-making frameworks and establishing mandatory cross-sectoral deliberation mechanisms, the proposed pathway seeks to transform HiAP from a concept into actionable governance. The framework is derived from a comparative policy analysis and requires empirical validation through a pilot implementation.