Comparative Assessment and Correlation Analysis of Physico-Chemical Parameters and Heavy Metal Contamination in Surface and Groundwater Resources along the Sirhind Canal, Punjab, India

In the present study, physicochemical, nutrient composition, heavy metal contamination, and water quality compliance of surface water and groundwater resources along the Sirhind Canal region of Punjab, India, were evaluated and compared. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, hardness, alkalinity, major ions, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and selected heavy metals were determined in the samples. The findings indicated that the quality of surface water was comparatively good, with the majority of the parameters in desirable limits as mentioned in BIS and WHO standards. Groundwater, on the other hand, had higher concentrations of TDS, Hardness, NO3, F, Fe, As, Pb, and U, with some concentrations that were above the recommended limits. High positive values of correlation between some of the elements showed that mineral dissolution, groundwater–rock interaction and agriculture as such have an influence on some of the elements: EC, TDS, hardness, calcium, magnesium, nitrate, and sulphate. Heavy metal assessment also showed an increase in heavy metal content in the groundwater when compared to surface water. In general, this study indicates good quality of surface water and the importance of regular monitoring, groundwater treatment, and proper management of groundwater resources to safeguard the environment and public health in the Sirhind Canal region.