MXene-filled PVDF nanocomposites with enhanced triboelectric nanogeneration performance

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are promising devices for harvesting mechanical energy to power next-generation autonomous electronics. In this regard, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) has emerged as an attractive candidate owing to its high electronegativity, flexibility, and excellent processability. The performance of TENGs is strongly influenced by the phase composition, surface characteristics, and charge transport behavior of the triboelectric materials. Therefore, in this study, we demonstrate that incorporating MXene (Ti 3 C 2 T X ) into PVDF films significantly enhances triboelectric performance through structural and morphological tuning In this study, we demonstrate that incorporating MXene (Ti 3 C 2 T X ) into PVDF films significantly enhances triboelectric performance through structural and morphological tuning. MXene was synthesized via selective etching and incorporated into PVDF at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, and 1 wt%. The nanofillers act as nucleating agents, promoting β-phase formation and facilitate interfacial polarization. TENG devices fabricated in vertical contact–separation mode achieved a maximum power density of 640 mW m⁻ 2 at 100 MΩ, representing a 2.5-fold improvement over pristine PVDF. These findings highlight the potential of PVDF/MXene nanocomposites for high-efficiency energy harvesting and provide a scalable approach for developing self-powered sensors and portable electronic systems.