Optimization of MRI Sequences for Better Evaluation of Brainstem: A Standard Narrative Review Paper

The brainstem is the anatomical and functional link that connects the cerebrum and the cerebellum with the spinal cord. It is the smallest brain region that contains numerous gray matter, white matter, and ascending and descending fiber tracts, making it one of the most important brain structures. It plays a crucial role in controlling respiration, cardiac functions, motor functions, sensory functions and autonomic functions. Due to its dense, complex, and small structure, it becomes one of the most challenging brain regions for imaging with conventional MRI sequences. Advanced MRI sequences (such as DTI and tractography) and optimized MRI sequences help to clearly visualize and evaluation the brainstem anatomy. The aim of the study is to enhance the diagnostic value of the brain stem imaging by optimization of MRI sequences.