Evaluates Zn-activated biochar for effective methylene blue removal from water, suggesting potential applications.
Process of biochar production from black cumin seed cake via ZnCl2 activation and pyrolysis, followed by methylene blue adsorption showing high removal efficiency under optimal conditions. This study evaluates ZnCl2-activated biochar derived from black cumin seed cake for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. The adsorbent was prepared via chemical activation followed by carbonization and characterized to assess its structural properties. The effects of operational parameters, including pH, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, contact time, and temperature, were systematically investigated. Adsorption isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic analyses were conducted to better understand the adsorption behavior. The results showed that MB removal increased with contact time and temperature, reaching equilibrium within 180 min. The adsorption process was found to be spontaneous and endothermic. The material exhibited a micro–mesoporous structure, contributing to its adsorption performance. In addition to adsorption capacity, regeneration behavior and performance in real water samples were evaluated. The results indicated limited desorption efficiency, suggesting strong interactions between MB and the adsorbent surface. While this may restrict reusability, it supports stable adsorption under the tested conditions. Thus, the study provides a comprehensive evaluation of adsorption performance together with material characteristics and application related aspects.
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Kizilkaya et al. (2026) studied this question.
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